Television Censorship Essay - 522 Words

Television Censorship Censorship in television is a very debatable topic in today’s media and social realms. Nowadays what is considered appropriate by many may actually be considered explicit or unsuitable by the people in charge. Some may wonder ‘who is deemed so highly that they can decide what is and is not appropriate to watch. The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) is ‘responsible for administratively enforcing the law that governs what is and is not appropriate. Within this article I will discuss how the FCC decides what the American viewers are allowed to see. The first example the FCC regulates on television is called ‘obscene broadcasts’. According to the FCC obscene speech in not protected by the First Amendment†¦show more content†¦(Federal Communications Commission) With the FCC trying to regulate what is considered obscene, they have also embedded within each show a mandatory rating system. A rating of TVY or TVG, considers the program to be designed to be appropriate for all children. Whether animated or live-action, the themes and elements in this program are specifically designed for a very young audience. A rating of TVPG means program contains material that parents may find unsuitable for younger children. Many parents may want to watch it with their younger children. TV14 means the program contains one or more of the following: intense violence (V), intense sexual situations (S), strong coarse language (L), or intensely suggestive dialogue (D). A rating of TVMA however, means that it may be unsuitable for children under 17. This program contains one or more of the following: graphic violence (V), explicit sexual activity (S), or crude indecent language (L). (TV Parental Guidelines) How can someone decide what is ‘explicit’ and what is ‘intense’? By giving the rating system such vague descriptions someone might become very confused. Another aspect that people generally tend to overlook is that of the parents. If the parents are not taking the time to oversee what their children are watching, how is the rating system fair? I asked ten year old Michael O’Donnell from Buffalo, NY if the rating system meant anything to him. He repliedShow MoreRelatedEssay about Television Censorship1601 Words   |  7 Pages Television Censorship WHAT IS CENSORSHIP? quot;Censorship is the supervision and control of the information and ideas that are circulated among the people within a society. In modern times, censorship refers to the examination of books, periodicals, plays, films, television and radio programs, news reports, and other communication media for the purpose of altering or suppressing parts thought to be objectionable or offensive. The objectionable material may be considered immoral or obscene, hereticalRead MoreEssay on Censorship of Film and Television646 Words   |  3 PagesCensorship of Film and Television What is Censorship? It is the practice of officially examining books, movies, film, etc., and suppressing unacceptable parts. Censorship usually takes place based on religious, moral, or personal reasons. In Film, censorship has taken many turns and it is continuing to encounter many conflicts. Broadcasting organizations along with the FCC (Federal Communications Center) and the AFA (American Family Association) are supposedly doing everything in their power toRead MoreTelevision and Modern Technology Censorship2008 Words   |  9 PagesFCC has always been televisions number one source for protection when in regards to filtering which content gets to the viewer. Television will always change, but for the better I think not. Through the years, the FCC with censorship has been on an epic downfall that even dates back to how women were portrayed and even to the images that aired on national public television. Censorship covers a wide range of outlets whether it is music, television, o r the internet. Television worldwide may be oneRead MoreCensorship Is Not Limited Repressive Regimes Or Network Television?1522 Words   |  7 PagesCensorship is not limited to repressive regimes or network television. Weather we know it or not censorship is happening all the time throughout the day. We censor ourselves, we listen to censored music and as students we see the internet being heavily censored in school. The Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) was signed into law in 2000; the law requires any public schools or library to filter any inappropriate content from the computers being used by minors. Since the law has been put inRead MoreTelevision Censorship Should not be Implied Essay536 Words   |  3 PagesTelevision Censorship Should not be Implied Television censorship should not be implied. In the Bill of Rights the first amendment states that we have the â€Å"Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bill of Rights, 1971). If this country worked so hard in order to gain these rights and preserve them, why would it want to abolish them? The constitution and the United States of America gave people these rights and freedoms so a person should be able to use them as they pleaseRead More Television Censorship in the Past and Present Essay example2001 Words   |  9 PagesTelevision Censorship in the Past and Present Typing in the web address http://www.censorship.com, I begin my search for information regarding the controversial subject. After a few seconds of waiting for the site to load, a black background comes up, with black font displaying the message: This site is not accessible because it is categorized as: Sex, Violence, Language. I immediately highlight the web address and annoyingly thrash at the delete button on my keyboard and watch it disappearRead More Television and Media - Censorship of TV Violence Not Necessary877 Words   |  4 PagesCensorship of TV Violence Not Necessary    Censorship of televised media often begins as a result of the concern many adults show over what their children watch. Children begin watching television at an early age, and they are usually lifetime viewers by the time they are two to three years old. There is usually a steady increase in the amount of television watched during a persons childhood. This is followed by a decline during adolescence. What is more of a concern to the American peopleRead More Television and Censorship - Violence Rating System Needed for TV1130 Words   |  5 PagesViolence Rating System Needed for TV Programs While society recognizes the detrimental effects of general television on children, parents and other child advocacy groups dont feel as though there is an adequate rating system. Consequences of ineffective rating systems are that childrens personalities are being negatively affected. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has made legislation to address this issue, but the childrens advocacy community is still dissatisfied. This communityRead MoreCensorship Of Television And Television1288 Words   |  6 PagesRestrictions were also placed against foreign news outlets following the election. Reporters from the Italian public television broadcaster Radiotelevisione Italiana claimed that one of its interpreters was beaten with clubs by riot police and the officers confiscated the cameraman’s tapes. The Al Arabiya’s offices in Tehran were closed for a week by Iranian authorities on June 14 and no explanation was given for the decision. Additionally, the director of British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) WorldRead More Censorship on Television Essay1204 Words   |  5 PagesThe government is correct in trying to censor what is seen on television. Censorship does not violate the first amendment and it prevents the harmful effects of graphic television. Many people are in favor of censorship and it may be accomplished without violating the rights of broadcasters or any other individuals. Censorship refers to suppression of information, ideas, or artistic expression by anyone, whether government officials, church authorities, private pressure groups, or speakers, writers

Economic and Political Strategies of China versus Japan...

China and Japan From 1500 to 1800, China and Japan tried to politically and economically established their countries in very different ways. Japan fought war after war for a century before they changed their ways. China on the other hand slowly established a government and used education as a tool to be politically and economically strong. Japan would later do the same. China was one of the most politically and economically strong countries during 1500 – 1800. The state was identified as family. It brought unity and integration. The political system was an expanded role of Confucianism. From 1500 – 1800, China was the most highly commercialized non-industrial society in the world. China had what is known as the perfected late†¦show more content†¦Manchu appointed two people, one Manchu, and one Chinese, to each key post in the central government. It was called Dyarchy. In 1683, Emperor K’ang Hsi took over Taiwan. The Ming Ch’ing was known as the perfected late imperial system. They had a stronger emperor, better government finances and used Confucianism as an ideology. They had more academies to prepare people for the civil service exams, more bookstores, publishing flourished, and literacy outpaced population. Some of Chinas major markets were grain, salt, timber, iron, and cotton. Silk was a major market that was spread all over the world. China used education and political growth to establish themselves. They grew slowly and were on of the strongest countries of their time. They were the strongest countries in international trade. They would stop growing in the late 19th century due to lack of technology at that time. Japan had two different eras’s from 1500 to 1800. The Warring State’s era was an all out war inside Japan from 1467 to 1600. The other was the Tokugawa era from 1600 to 1868. The wars came to an end and Japan established Government control and unity under Tokugawa Ieyasu’s command. The Warring States era started in 1467 when a dispute over the next Ashika Shogun arrised. It led to war between two lords who supported Bakufu. Other lords took the opportunityShow MoreRelatedChallenges of International Relations966 Words   |  4 Pageshands. Another question: will geo-economics supersede geopolitics? Geo-economics is the distribution of wealth and geopolitics is the distribution of political and military power. There seems to be an apparent shift of priorities to the economics of world politics and that will most certainly lead to a future distribution of world power. This shift is also likely to decrease the barriers of long-standing state borders. All over the world there are many political systems. The pattern of interactionRead MoreEnviromental Factors1015 Words   |  5 Pages†¢ Analyze the influence of global economic interdependence and the effect of trade practices and agreements. The global economic interdependence for corporate Toyota is very important in order to increase revenue sales by focusing on both purchasing vehicle parts and materials from specific countries and as well as in increasing market share in each region in where they do business. Toyota must also consider the targeting of specific groups and classes of people within a country because those groupsRead MoreEssay on Toyota Global Domestic Marketing1331 Words   |  6 Pagesmarketing decisions by analyzing the influence of global economic interdependence and the effect of trade practices and agreements, examining the importance of demographics and physical infrastructure, analyzing the influence of cultural differences, and examine the importance of social responsibility and ethics versus legal obligations. Further insight to Toyota’s marketing decisions can be understood by analyzing the effect of political systems and the influence of international relations, analyzingRead MoreA n Inverse Relationship Between Japanese Yen The Chinese Yuan Renminbi1747 Words   |  7 Pagesin such a manner. The Bank of Japan (BOJ) has taken steps to halt the appreciation of the yen by decreasing interest rates (Hunter, 2016). While at the same time, many are accusing China of devaluing the Yuan in order to increase exports and stimulate the economy (Mayeda, 2016). One analyst states, in an article about turmoil in the global economy, â€Å"the Chinese boom has gone into reverse, and the resulting fall in commodity prices is wreaking economic and political havoc from Riyadh to Rio de JaneiroRead MoreLouis Vuitton2004 Words   |  9 Pages The current strategy has been developed on three main axes1: Strengthening of its position in the emerging market segment: As growth relays when mature markets slowdown (E.U.U.S.) or declines (as in the case of Japan), with a retail network extension, there is a high growth potential of new customers with increasing purchasing power and eagerness to adopt the foreign luxury goods (e.g. China, Russia, and India). A ’premium† positioning’: By adopting a differentiation strategy, selling highRead MoreInternational Relations: Japan’s Engagement with China, 1990-20103146 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction The study of international relations rests on the premise that there is always a sensible way of explaining a nation’s grand strategy, for they would not survive otherwise. From the Classical Period to the Middle Ages, from the Renaissance to the twenty-first century, historians, statesman, and political theorists have attempted to provide reason and understanding behind the decisions made by nation-states. More often than not, whether through realism or liberalism, through social constructivismRead MoreMary Kay Cosmetics2698 Words   |  11 Pagesculture could be transferred internationally and that Mary Kay Ash’s charisma, motivation and philosophy were likely to appeal to women throughout the world. MKC management would like to expand their coverage to some other Asian countries – Japan and China. With evaluations of both markets through PESTEL framework and their own market attractiveness, there are proven potentials in developing MKC in these markets. Successful entry to these markets would definitely assist MKC on further expansionRead MoreMary Kay Cosmetics2689 Words   |  11 Pagesculture could be transferred internationally and that Mary Kay Ash’s charisma, motivation and philosophy were likely to appeal to women throughout the world. MKC management would like to expand their coverage to some other Asian countries – Japan and China. With evaluations of both markets through PESTEL framework and their own market attractiveness, there are proven potentials in developing MKC in these markets. Successful entry to these markets would definitely assist MKC on further expansionRead MoreThe Origin Of The Japanese Values Of Precision And Punctuality966 Words   |  4 PagesJapanese people are too obsessed with time keeping and precision. However, the origin of such values is still unknown to many with questions arising on whether such values existed before industrialization in Japan. The fact that the values are associated with Japan’s position as a global economic powerhouse raises concern on the origin of such values. The History of the Japanese Culture of Punctuality and Precision Nara period Heian period The Tokugawa period Researchers believe that the JapaneseRead MoreChapter 3 Managing in a Global Environment Essay1358 Words   |  6 PagesManaging in a Global Environment Notes * Today’s companies and managers operate in a borderless world that provides both risks and opportunities * Globalization- Refers to the extent to which trade and investments, information, ideas, and political cooperation flow between countries * The most globalized countries according to one ranking are Belgium, Austria, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Swden * Managers can move their companies into the international arena on a variety of levels

Corporate Law Australian Securities And Investments

Question: Describe about the Corporate Law for Australian Securities And Investments. Answer: 1. The business being run by Jack, Jill and Max is very successful and also growing with speed. It is essential that they adopt a definite business structure recognized by the Australian law (Australian Securities And Investments Commission, 2016). This would help to clearly define the rights and obligations of each of these individuals in relation to their business. This would help to prevent any disputes between them in future. There are several options available to them and most important business structure they can adopt is to form a partnership firm or register as a company under the Corporation Act. A partnership is an agreement among two or more people to carry out business activities where the partners become liable to pay for all the debts of the firm even out of their personal properties. In other words their liability is unlimited. A company is a separate legal entity which is formed to carry out a business and has its own assets and liabilities. It has an identity separat e from its shareholders. This idea was strengthened by the court decision in cases like Salomon v Salomon Co [1897] AC 22 (Salomon). Also in a case Peate v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1964) 111 CLR 443 (HC, McTiernan, Kitto, Taylor, Windeyer and Owen JJ. (Law.unimelb.edu.au, 2016) In the case of a company the liability of the shareholders is limited to the amount of their share capital. The shareholders are not personally liable to the creditors of the company as stated by Latham CJ, in legal case The King v Portus; ex parte Federated Clerks Union of Australia (1949) 79 CLR 42. (Law.unimelb.edu.au, 2016). A company is managed by its directors and other employees who are appointed by its shareholders who have a right to vote to manage its affairs by the majority vote. Even minority shareholders who do not have control are provided relief by courts in case of unjustified conduct by majority shareholders and the company might get winded up as becomes clear in two legal cases. Firstly inHillam v Ample Source International(No 2) [2012] FCAFC 73 (Hillam).Secondly, inAmple Source InternationalLtd v Bonython Metals Group PtyLtd; Re Bonython Metals Group PtyLtd (No 6)[2011] FCA 1484 where the minority shareholders were oppressed. (Holdingredlich.com.au, 2016) The business being run by Jack, Jill and Max should take the form of a private company (Companydirectors.com, 2016). These three individuals can become the shareholders and if they want, directors of their company (Companylawclub.co.uk, 2016). But the directors also become liable personally for acts of the company employees in cases of negligence by them in their duties as brought out in case King v Milpurrurru33 in 1996 by judge Beazley J in Federal Court. However directors cannot be held personally responsible for every act as officials of the company as becomes clear in judgement by Lord Haldane in Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd [1915] AC 705). (Epublications.bond.edu.au, 2016) The three individuals need not form a public company as this would dilute their control if outsiders are allowed to invest and have voting rights for management. Moreover their business is still not big and they do not need outside funding by issuing equity. They would be entitled to a part of profits in the form of dividends. But although they would own shares of the company they would not become owners of the property of the company. Shareholders are not owners of the companys property was proved in a case KT T Developments Pty Ltd v Tay (Unreported, Parker J, Supreme Court of Western Australia, 23 January 1995). Further, the business carried out by the company is not the private business of the shareholders as held in a case by Lord Sumner in Gas Lighting Improvement Co Ltd v Inland Revenue Commissioners (1923) AC 723 at 740 741 . (Law.unimelb.edu.au, 2016) A company can be winded up at the initiative of its creditors if it has become insolvent, under s 459P (2) with the leave of the court. But in certain cases it is not allowed, Australian Beverage Distributors Pty Ltd v Evans Tate Premium Wines Pty Ltd1. (Allens.com.au, 2016). The advantages of forming a company are many though they come with certain obligations imposed by law. So Jack, Jill and Max should form a private company. 2. As given in the case Child Toys Supreme Pty Ltd is a manufacturer and seller of children toys. A child has got seriously injured after using one of the toys made by the company because the toy contained harmful plastic chemicals. A court case can be filed against Child Toys Limited and the company can be prosecuted under the Australian legal system. The laws that would apply in this case would be Australian Consumer Law, Common Law Of Contract and the common law of negligence. Child Toys Ltd manufactures toys which are used by children. It is assumed that toys meant for playing by children should be safe for the purpose for which they are being used. The company selling the toys should have made sure that the toys manufactured by it had no harmful chemicals or other elements. But the company failed to do so. Thus the firm can be tried in a court of law under the common law of negligence. There can three types of negligence by a manufacturer and seller of a product. These can be negligence relating to design, manufacture and marketing of the product. In the given case Child Toys Ltd is guilty of both negligence in manufacturing and marketing. The toy manufactures by Child Toys Ltd contained harmful chemical which could cause an injury to an individual. The company should not have used such chemical in the production of the toy. A similar situation is found in the case Donoghue V Stevenson [1932]. AC 562. Page 137 (Legal.thomsonreuters.com.au , 2016) In the given case the child injured need not identify the individual employee in Child Toys Ltd due to whose negligence the harmful chemical was included in the manufacturing of the toy. The company as a whole has been negligent and would be held responsible for the negligence by the court. This situation is similar to a great extent to the case Grant V Australian Knitting Mills [1936] AC 85 at 101 (page 142) (Legal.thomsonreuters.com.au , 2016) . In this case Child Toys Ltd cannot escape its liability for negligence on the grounds that no harm has been caused previously to anyone by its toys. There was no warning printed on the toys being sold by Child Toys Ltd that the toys contained harmful chemicals. Further, Betty the sales person also did not convey such information to the retail customers (Malbon, 2013). Thus Child Toys would be held responsible for negligence. Circumstances of such negligence can be found in another legal case Peterson v. Merke Sharpe Dohme (Aust) Pty Ltd. (Faunce, 2010). In the given case the child has suffered injury because of the presence of a harmful chemical in the toy. The injury did not happen because of mishandling of the product (toy) by the child or the retailer. The injured child was playing with the toy as any other child is expected to do. So in this case it is Child Toys Ltd which would be held responsible for negligence and not the child. This becomes clear in two legal cases. Firstly in Fletcher V Toppers Drinks [1981] 2 NSWLR 911. Secondly in Kilgannon V Sharpe Bros (1986) 4 NSW LR 600 (Legal.thomsonreuters.com.au , 2016). Child Toys Ltd can also be held liable for breach of contractual warranty. The company by manufacturing and selling toys was promising in a way that the toys were fit for consumption by people. The company had broken this promise by selling toys which contained harmful chemicals. The court would make the company pay damages for breaking this contract. There have been certain cases where the directors of companies have been held personally responsible for negligence. Marty the director of Child Toys Pty Ltd can be held personally responsible if the individual is found by the Australian court of law to have been personally involved in the inclusion of harmful chemicals in the toys manufactured by the company. The court would see if Marty personally took decisions and directed using harmful chemicals made in the production of toys. In a legal case in English court Williams V Natural Life Health Food Ltd 1997 1 BCLC 131 Page 111 the director was personally held liable. While in another case Trevor Ivory Ltd V Anderson [1992] 2 NZLR 517 (page 109) the director was not held personally liable for the negligence of the company (Epublications.bond.edu.au, 2016). Child Toys Pty Ltd can apply in the Australian courts to procure an injunction restraining Charles from competing against the company. There exists an employment contract between Charles and Child Toys Pty Ltd according to which former cannot do a business competing against the latter before the end of a period of two years after leaving the company. But Charles has broken this contract. The Australian law provides that an ex employee of a company can be restrained from competing against the company the person has left if certain conditions are met. The example of the existence of a non competition clause can be found in the legal case Write V Gasweld (1991) 22 NSWLR 317 (Foulsham And Gedders , 2016). If there exists a term in the employment contract between the company and the employee that there is a restriction on the ex employee competing against the company and that restriction is for the purpose of safeguarding a critical interest of the company like preserving some confidentia l information or goodwill of the company, then the court would restrain the employee. Further the restriction imposed on the employee in the employment contract should be for a reasonable period needed for the protection of companys interest. Moreover the restriction should apply to only a specific limited geographical area. An injunction to restrain an ex employee of a company was granted in following two legal cases. Firstly in Lumley V Wagner case in England (1852) 1 De GM G 604, 42 ER 687 (Lumley). Secondly in case Curro V Beyond Productions Pty Ltd (1993) 30 NSWLR 337, 346- (Curro) which followed the Lumley case. The Lumley case has become a source of guidance for judgements in many legal cases in Australia (Riley, 2012). References Allens.com.au (2016) A Long And Winding Road: Putting Companies Into Liquidation. Available at: https://www.allens.com.au/pubs/pdf/insol/pap1aug07.pdf Australian Securities And Investments Commission (2016) Your Business Structure. Available at: https://asic.gov.au/for-business/your-business/your-business-structure/ (Accessed: 9 September 2016). Claytonutz.com (2016) Product Liability. Available at: https://www.claytonutz.com/ArticleDocuments/501/16_ProductLiability.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y (Accessed: 10 September 2016). Companydirectors.com (2016) Private Companies. Available at: https://www.companydirectors.com.au/director-resource-centre/organisation-type/organisation-definitions (Accessed: 9 September 2016). Companylawclub.co.uk (2016) What Is The Difference Between Shareholders And Directors? Available at : https://www.companylawclub.co.uk/what-is-the-difference-between-shareholders-and-directors (Accessed: 9 September 2016). Epublications.bond.edu.au (2016) Personal Liability Of Directors For Corporate Torts. Available at: https://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125context=blr Faunce, T. (2010) The Vioxx Pharmaceutical Scandal: Peterson v. Merke Sharpe Dohme (Aust) Pty Ltd , Journal of Law and Medicine, (18), pp. 38-49, Available at : https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1680120 (Accessed: 10 September 2016). Foulsham And Gedders (2016) Non Compete And Restraint Of Trade Clauses In Employment Contracts. Available at: https://www.fglaw.com.au/non-compete-employment/ (Accessed: 10 September 2016). Holdingredlich.com.au (2016) Oppressed Minority Shareholders And Appropriate Relief-Is Winding Up A Solvent Company An Extreme Step? Available at: https://www.holdingredlich.com.au/dispute-resolution-litigation/oppressed-minority-shareholders-and-appropriate-relief-is-winding-up-a-solvent-company-an-extreme-step Law.unimelb.edu.au (2016) Piercing The Corporate Veil In Australia. Available at: https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/1710089/122-Piercing_the_Corporate_Veil1.pdf Legal.thomsonreuters.com.au (2016) Product Liability. Available at :https://legal.thomsonreuters.com.au/product/AU/files/720502336/chapter_23.pdf (pages 137, 142,143) (Accessed: 10 September 2016). Malbon, J. (2013) Taking Fake Online Consumer Reviews Seriously, Journal of Consumer Policy, 36(2), pp. 139-157, Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10603-012-9216-7 (Accessed: 10 September 2016). Riley, J. (2012) Sterlising Talent : A Critical Assessment of Injuctions Enforcing Negative Covenants, Henonline Sydney L. Rev. , 34, pp. 617, Available at: https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/sydney34div=37id=page= (Accessed: 10 September 2016).

The Little Essay That Could- Open book vs. Closed book free essay sample

Eugene Nathaniel Butler once stated, â€Å"Some people cheat their way through life. They cheat on tests in school. Cheat on girlfriends/boyfriends then graduate to cheating on wives/husbands. They cheat on taxes and many times shortchange their own kids. Life becomes one big game, but once YOU realized the game is rigged and let go, they lose†¦game over.† For centuries, cheating has always been a major concern for institutions of higher learning. Institutions fear cheating, because of the reputation dishonest students will establish for that particular institution. Suspected students will have to face numerous penalties; in most cases, expulsion from the institution. Predominantly, cheating ruins the value and individual integrity of the student, and may cause them to become apathetic in future activities. Therefore, it is important to ensure the soundness the essay, exam, and any other academic related projects so as to avoid students cheating. Undoubtedly, students are increasingly tempted to cheat, because they feel that they have the need to cheat. Open-book examination eliminates such need. The ways that students cheat, such as preparing cheat sheets or glancing at the responses of other classmates, imply that students worry about forgetting, or even forget the contents they are required to memorize. Open-book examination does not require students to remember the book contents as they are allowed to bring and use their textbooks. With these references, students certainly will not forget and hence, will not cheat. Moreover, according to the research, students would have the tendency to cheat if the exam is difficult (Batool, Saeeda, Anam Abbas, and Zahra Naeemi, 2011). Namely, the chances of cheating will be less likely to happen if the students do not perceive the exam to be strenuous. Another research further concludes that students perceive open-book examinations to be  easier, in the sense that they predicted they will prepare less than closed-book examination (Gardner). Likewise, it is less likely for students to cheat in an open-book examination as they feel such exam methods will; be easier, but will hinder the students’ study, since the students will rely only on their notes and text book, they may not feel the need to study. With this purpose in mind, open-book examinations can eliminate a students’ need to cheat. Therefore, it should be a better replacement for the traditional closed-book exemption. Likewise, an open-book examination also reduces the possible ways of cheating. One of the most common ways for cheating is to prepare various notes to cheat. Some students may resort to writing on their tables or bodies, and others may conceal cheat-sheets for reference. However, because of the nature of open-book examination, this form of cheating will undoubtedly not be valid, since students are allowed to â€Å"cheat† by referring to references or notes. Even though the students somehow manage to successfully know the question before the exam, all they can get is merely more time to prepare. Compared to the close-book exam in which students may get full marks in such way, cheating in an open-book exam is far less worthy. Another type of cheating will be glancing at the answers of other classmates or discussing with others, which will not be very practicable in an open-book examination. With this in mind, open-book examinations should be considered in the style of essays or specified short responses, which would make cheating a difficult task to find the answers they want in the works of others, or draw a satisfying conclusion for the answers in a discussion. Given the time constraints and teachers’ watchful supervision, such ways of cheating become even more risky and not practicable. Certainly, open-book examination may not be able to fully eliminate extreme ways of cheating, but will prevent certain students’ from attempting to cheat. Yet, possible ways for cheating are far less than other exam methods, including the traditional close-book examinations practiced today. On the other hand, a closed-book examination does not diminish such instances of cheating. There are certainly ways that proctors attempt to eliminate cheating. For instance, proctors may distance the seats for students or arrange the questions in different order for different exam paper, or print exams in randomized colored papers, so that students will not be able to communicate with others or easily glance at responses. Proctors will also walk around to prevent and detect a student’s cheating by referring to cheat sheets. However, closed-book examination itself is a temptation to cheat. The many existent strategies used in closed-book examinations to prevent cheating only scratch the surface instead of coping with the main problem, which would be the reason or temptation that students cheat. As students become more familiar with these forms of surveillance, they would be able to develop more sophisticated forms of cheating. In fact, students use today’s technological advances such as mobile devices with internet access, or earphones to cheat in closed-book examinations (Coughlan, 2010). In other words, traditional ways that are often used in closed-book examinations to eliminate cheating are not effective in its entirety. Instead, it only forces new forms of cheating to emerge. On the contrary, some people may argue that even though an open-book examination may eliminate cheating, it cannot replace the close-book examination because it does not help the students learn as much as the close-book examination. Students will become apathetic since they feel that they can prepare less for the open-book examinations. It is also likely that students will forget about what they have studied soon after the exam since they do not have to memorize the contents. Thus, it is not wise to replace the close-book examination by the open-book examination. While this may be true, it is reasonable to have these concerns because a generalized examination system is not only about how effectively it can eliminate cheating, but of a student’s overall retention and growth from instructed materials. Yet, results of the research conducted by the Dominican University of California refute such arguments, in a Comparison of the Effects of Exam Types on Performance, Retention, and Anxiety. The research tested the effectiveness of open-book exams, closed-book exams, and cheat-sheet exams by comparing the performance and level of anxiety of the students, and their memorization of the materials (Gardner). Generally, the students performed the best in the open-book exam. For time spent on revising, despite student’s prediction before the exam that they would prepare less for the open-book exam, there were reportedly only small differences between other exam methods. For relief anxiety or stress, students conceded that the least level of anxiety for open-book exam. The Students’ performances were negatively related with anxiety levels measured  before the exam. Students were also asked about the memorization of the materials after two weeks of the initial test. The results showed that there were no significant differences between these three types of exam methods. These studies furthermore show that open-book examination will not cause the students to be apathetic, nor forgetful. In fact, it makes students perform better by lowering their anxiety levels. In conclusion, open-book examination alleviates the problem of cheating because it significantly eliminates a students’ temptation of cheating, and reduces the possible ways of cheating. As seen in the research conducted in the Dominican University of California, open book exams It is also a better exam method since it lowers students’ anxiety but does not affect their study habits or memorization of the materials. Hence, open-book examinations are definitely a better alternative than the traditional closed-book examination. To resolve the problem of cheating, educators should indeed consider about replacing the current closed-book examination with open-book examinations. Therefore, it is a better alternative to choose open-book examinations